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    Aurones: Unexplored Visible‐Light Photoswitches for Aqueous Medium
    The development of synthetically accessible photoswitches showing an efficient performance in aqueous medium has recently become an urgent task due to the rapid progress of photopharmacology and novel biomedical applications. In response to this challenge, in this work, aurone derivatives are introduced as a novel class of efficient visible‐light photoswitches for aqueous medium. In general, aurones exhibit superior performance in water, including significantly higher quantum yields, compared with other indigoid photoswitches (hemithioindigo and hemiindigo). Especially remarkable are the half‐lives of the photoinduced E ‐isomers of aurones in water, reaching up to 7 years. Further modification of the aurone scaffold with substituents that increase water solubility does not affect most of the photoswitching characteristics and even improves some them. The highly advantageous property profile of the aurone photoswitches make them a perfect novel platform for the design of light‐controllable systems in the areas requiring photoswitching in aqueous medium.
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    Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Energy Transfer in Cucurbituril‐Based Supramolecular Systems
    Supramolecular systems demonstrating resonance energy transfer have recently became a topical area on the borderline of supramolecular chemistry, photochemistry, photophysics and biology. The modularity of supramolecular interactions is a prerequisite for fine tuning of optical properties, which is difficult to achieve by other means. As a component of such systems, cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles can play a wide spectrum of roles from anchoring of FRET pairs and modulation of the optical output to providing biocompatibility of FRET stains for cell imaging. The aim of this Review is to outline the development of the CB[n]‐based systems with fluorescence (FRET) and phosphorescence (TS‐FRET) energy transfer and to highlight achievements, challenges and perspectives of this fascinating combination of a classical photophysical process and a classical supramolecular host. Particular attention in this Review is given to the current and potential applications of the reviewed systems.
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    Selective Fluorimetric Detection of Pyrimidine Nucleotides in Neutral Aqueous Solution with a Styrylpyridine-Based Cyclophane
    A styrylpyridine-containing cyclophane with diethylenetriamine linkers is presented as a host system whose association with representative nucleotides was examined with photometric and fluorimetric titrations. The spectrometric titrations revealed the formation of 1:1 complexes with log Kb values in the range of 2.3–3.2 for pyrimidine nucleotides TMP (thymidine monophosphate), TTP (thymidine triphosphate) and CMP (cytidine monophosphate) and 3.8–5.0 for purine nucleotides AMP (adenosine monophosphate), ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and dGMP (deoxyguanosine monophosphate). Notably, in a neutral buffer solution, the fluorimetric response to the complex formation depends on the type of nucleotide. Hence, quenching of the already weak fluorescence was observed with the purine bases, whereas the association of the cyclophane with pyrimidine bases TMP, TTP, and CMP resulted in a significant fluorescence light-up effect. Thus, it was demonstrated that the styrylpyridine unit is a useful and complementary fluorophore for the development of selective nucleotide-targeting fluorescent probes based on alkylamine-linked cyclophanes.
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