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    Digital Twin Modeling for Smart Injection Molding
    In traditional injection molding, each level of the process has its own monitoring and improvement initiatives. But in the upcoming industrial revolution, it is important to establish connections and communication among all stages, as changes in one stage might have an impact on others. To address this issue, digital twins (DTs) are introduced as virtual models that replicate the entire injection molding process. This paper focuses on the data and technology needed to build a DT model for injection molding. Each stage can have its own DT, which are integrated into a comprehensive model of the process. DTs enable the smart automation of production processes and data collection, reducing manual efforts in supervising and controlling production systems. However, implementing DTs is challenging and requires effort for conception and integration with the represented systems. To mitigate this, the current work presents a model for systematic knowledge-based engineering for the DTs of injection molding. This model includes fault detection systems, 3D printing, and system integration to automate development activities. Based on knowledge engineering, data analysis, and data mapping, the proposed DT model allows fault detection, prognostic maintenance, and predictive manufacturing.
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    Fracture behavior of double edge notch AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
    In the present study, the fracture behavior of additively manufactured (AM) metal parts has been investigated. To this aim, double edge notch tension (DENT) specimens have been printed using AlSi10Mg alloy based on the laser powder bed fusion (PBF) technique. Particularly, DENT specimens have been fabricated with three different ligament lengths and three different printing directions for each ligament length. In this study, we used the concept of essential work of fracture to describe the fracture behavior AMed parts. According to a series of tests under static loading conditions, influences of the ligament length and printing direction on the structural integrity of the DENT specimens have been determined. According to the experimental practices, levels of ductility and size of plastic zone in the ligament region have been documented. Here, we utilized digital image correlation technique to measure strain fields on the surface of the examined samples. Moreover, numerical simulations have been conducted to simulate the stress distribution from DENT specimens. In addition, visual inspection of the fracture surfaces has been conducted using a free-angle observation system. The outcome of this study can be used for future designs of PBF printed parts with a better structural performance.
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    On the Pin-Bearing Strength of Additively Manufactured Polymer Parts
    Due to the wide scope of applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in making final products, the mechanical strength of AM parts has become very important. Therefore, different tests are being developed to determine the structural integrity of three-dimensional printed components. In this respect, the pin-bearing test is designed to evaluate the response of a fastener, plate, and hole to stress. In this study, two different polymer materials were used to fabricate the samples utilizing the fused deposition modeling technique. Since the specimen width and hole diameter have effects on the pin-bearing strength and structural integrity of the parts, we prepared the specimens with four hole diameters to determine the influence of this ratio. A series of tensile tests were performed, and the stiffness and pin-bearing strength of additively manufactured specimens were determined. The preferred bearing failure mode was observed in several tested specimens. Subsequently, a scanning electron microscope investigation was conducted on the damaged area of the examined specimens to obtain insights into the damage mechanisms and failure behavior of the aforementioned specimens. We used digital image correlation technique to determine the strain field of dumbbell-shaped test coupons. The results of this research can be utilized for new designs of AM parts with a higher mechanical strength.
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